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Aim: The aim of this study was to validate the effectiveness of a simplified ultrasonic cleaning protocol to clean customized abutments. The second purpose was to investigate the percentage of pollutants on customized abutments delivered by the implants company and the additional effect of dental laboratory manipulations.  Materials and methods: Twenty-four customized abutments were divided in two groups, 12 returning from the implant company and 12 others returning from the dental laboratory. In each group, there were 6 zirconia (Zr02) abutments and 6 titanium (Ti) abutments. For each conditions, half of the samples were clean with the experimental protocol and the other were left as delivered by the company. The two steps cleaning protocol consisted of mechanical treatment with a sterile compress soaked in a detergent over the transgingival part of the abutment followed by 3 successive ultrasound baths for 2 min/bath. The presence of pollutants was quantified by scanning electron microscopy. Results: The suggested cleaning method allowed to significantly decrease the quantity of pollutants (p=0.0006). The abutments returning from the dental laboratory were significantly more polluted than those coming directly from the implant company (p=0.0043). The cleaning effect was highly significant in both groups (p<0.0001). The quantity of pollutants before cleaning were similar in the titanium and in the zirconia groups and the cleaning effect was highly significant in both groups (p=0.0009). Conclusion: The tested cleaning protocol was successful on the customized abutments from each group.

Purpose: To assess two types of abutment materials routinely used in daily practice—direct polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and a zirconia-on—Ti-base abutment—and their effects on peri-implant soft tissues and bone remodeling in a minipig model. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 implants were placed in five minipigs in a single-stage surgery. Four different types of abutment materials (n = 10 per group) were used: (1) titanium (control); (2) zirconia (control); (3) PMMA (test 1); and (4) Ti-base (zirconia bonded to a titanium framework; test 2). After 3 months of healing, the samples were collected and subjected to nondecalcified histology. The soft tissue dimensions (sulcus, junctional epithelium, and connective tissue attachment) were assessed on each abutment mesially and distally, and the distance from the implant margin to the first bone-to-implant contact (BIC) was measured. Results: No statistically significant differences were found among the four groups regarding soft tissue dimensions (P = .21), and a long junctional epithelium (mean: 4.1 mm) and a short connective tissue attachment (mean: 0.3 mm) were found in the majority of abutments. In some samples, the junctional epithelium extended all the way to the bone level. The measured peri-implant bone remodeling was similar in all four groups (P = .25). Conclusions: The present findings indicate that both direct PMMA and zirconia-on–Ti-base abutments seem to allow soft tissue integration similar to that of titanium and zirconia abutments. However, clinical studies are warranted to either confirm or refute the observed findings and to further investigate the influence of different materials on mucointegration.

Aim: The objective of the present case series was to evaluate the 4-year outcomes of implants placed in the esthetic area using static computer-assisted implant surgery (s-CAIS) and restored with a one-abutment one-time (OAOT) protocol using custom-made zirconia abutments and cemented provisional crowns manufactured prior to surgery. Materials and methods: Ten consecutive implants were placed in the esthetic area. Based on a digital implant and prosthodontic planning, surgical guides were ordered and used for the preparation of definitive custom-made zirconia abutments and polymethylmethacrylate provisional crowns. Implants were placed using the s-CAIS guide, and prosthetic components were placed immediately. Implant outcomes were evaluated at the time of surgery, after 4 months, and after 4 years. Results: All implants were successfully placed with s-CAIS and restored with final abutments and provisional crowns. No major prosthetic adverse events were observed. After 4 years, the implant survival rate was 100%, minor peri-implant bleeding on probing was reported, and very stable peri-implant bone levels were observed. The pink esthetic score showed that the prosthetic components were well integrated, and the peri-implant soft tissue was stable. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present case series, these results suggest that emerging digital workflows allow the manufacture of final custom-made abutments and provisional crowns prior to surgery. This individualized OAOT procedure may reduce cement-related complications and improve esthetic outcomes by optimizing soft tissue healing with prosthetic components. However, such protocols have evolved toward fully digital workflows, and comparative clinical trials are needed. Keywords: s-CAIS surgery, digital workflow, one-abutment one-time (OAOT), custom-made abutment, bone remodeling, distance between the implant shoulder and first bone-to-implant contact (DBI), pink esthetic score (PES)

Purpose: To study the practices of general dentists, periodontists and dental hygienists who are members of the European Federation of Periodontology, regarding oral hygiene education, plaque control assessment, recommended dental and interdental hygiene tools, and antimicrobial agents. Materials and Methods: A web-based survey was sent to 13,622 members of the European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) through its 29 national member societies. It targeted general dentists (GD), specialists in periodontology (DSP) and dental hygienists (DH). Data were collected between 24 April and 17 May 2015. A data-driven statistical analysis was conducted and differences between professions were explored. Results: A total of 2076 answers were collected. Only the 2009 answers originating from GD, DSP and DH were analysed (67 answers originated from other professions and were excluded). Among those 2009 respondents, 43.2% were DSP and 37.2% were GD. Overall, DH, DSP and GD reported spending 17.1 minutes for the initial teaching of OH, with differences between professions (p < 0.0001). DH, GD and DSP exhibited differences in the type of toothbrushes they recommend (p < 0.0001). DSP recommended electric and manual toothbrushes (TB) equally. DH predominantly recommended electric TB (56.8%). Overall, 95% of DH, DSP and GD recommended interdental brushes, with no statistically significant differences between professions. Low concentration chlorhexidine was considered the most relevant antimicrobial agent for daily oral care of periodontitis patients. Half of GD prescribed antimicrobial mouthrinses for long-term use in 70%–100% of their patients with periodontitis. Conclusion: EFP-affiliated practitioners allocate a significant amount of time to educating patients on oral health. Their practices are mostly in line with the current scientific evidence. Some discrepancies were found between the different professions. Similar surveys could be conducted over time to monitor the evolution of practices. Keywords: dental hygienist, oral hygiene, patient education as topic, periodontal diseases, periodontists, surveys and questionnaires

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the 2-year outcomes of the one-tooth onetime complete digital workflow, allowing the immediate loading of a single implant in the posterior region with a final CAD/CAM crown made of a polymer-infiltrated ceramic network. Materials and methods: A series of 10 implants were placed, and an intraoral scan was taken after surgery. A final screw-retained polymer-infiltrated ceramic network crown was manufactured chairside and placed the same day in full occlusion. Marginal peri-implant bone changes and soft tissue health were evaluated, and restoration performance was assessed using FDI World Dental Federation criteria and pink and white aesthetic scores. Patient-reported outcome measures and data on the time required to perform the procedures were collected. Results: After 2 years, the implant survival rate was 100%. The debonding of one crown from its titanium base led to prosthodontic survival rate of 90% and the remaining crowns were all considered successful. The mean marginal peri-implant bone changes yielded 0.87 mm (standard deviation 0.96 mm) and 0.55 mm (standard deviation 0.53 mm) after 1 and 2 years, respectively. Mild or no inflammation of peri-implant soft tissue was observed in most implants. The total treatment time was 175 minutes and patient-reported outcome measures displayed high patient satisfaction. Conclusions: This study constitutes the first report examining immediate loading of a single implant in the posterior region with a final crown in occlusion. In this case series, the 2-year outcomes of the one-tooth one-time protocol seem rather promising and fulfilled patient expectations. However, these preliminary results need to be confirmed by randomised controlled trials, and patient selection is likely to be a key factor in the success of this procedure. Keywords: CAD/CAM, dental implant, digital workflow, immediate loading, intraoral scan (IOS), polymerinfiltrated ceramic network (PICN) Amélie Mainjot cohabits with the founder of the company MaJEB, which contributes to the development of polymer-infiltrated ceramic network materials. Prof Lambert has collaboration agreement

The primary objective of this pilot study was to evaluate a new socket preservation technique involving the intentional expansion of the extraction socket buccal plate using a flapless internal corticotomy and biomaterials. A total of 11 patients requiring tooth extraction were enrolled in this study. The aim of this technique was to maintain or improve the hard and soft tissue contour of the ridge after tooth extraction. All surgical sites healed uneventfully. Significant alveolar bone dimension changes were observed in the coronal region of the ridge (−1.4 ± 0.9 mm); however, it was only slightly lower at the medium (−0.35 ± 0.7 mm) and apical levels (−0.3 ± 0.8 mm) (P > .05). The ridge dimensional changes were significantly higher in the buccal aspect than in the palatal aspect in all patients. Vertical bone resorption was not significant. Concerning the soft tissue contour, the horizontal distance between the preoperative and postoperative buccal profiles ranged from 0.94 to −2.88 mm. The proposed ridge preservation technique may help maintain the volume of the healed ridge but cannot completely prevent contour changes after tooth extraction.

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of a bone substitute covered with a resorbable membrane versus open flap debridement for the treatment of periodontal infrabony defects. Materials and methods: Ninety-seven patients with one infrabony defect, which was 3 mm or deeper and at least 2 mm wide were randomly allocated either to grafting with a bone substitute covered with a resorbable barrier (BG group) or open flap debridement (OFD group) according to a parallel group design in five European centres. Blinded outcome measures assessed tooth loss, complications, patient's satisfaction with treatment and aesthetics, changes in probing attachment levels (PAL), probing pocket depths (PPD), gingival recessions (REC), radiographic bone levels (RAD) on standardised periapical radiographs, plaque index (PI) and marginal bleeding index (MBI). Results: 49 patients were randomly allocated to the BG group and 48 to the OFD group. At baseline there were more mobile teeth in the BG group (29 versus 15). One year after treatment two patients dropped out from the BG group and no teeth were lost. Three complications (minor postoperative wound dehiscence) occurred in the BG group versus none in the OFD group, where the difference was not statistically significant. The BG group obtained significantly greater statistical PAL gain (mean difference = -0.8 mm, 95%CI [-1.51; -0.03], P = 0.0428), PPD reduction (mean difference = -1.1 mm, 95%CI [-1.84; -0.19], P = 0.0165) and RAD gain (mean difference = -1.2 mm, 95%CI [-2.0; -0.4], P = 0.0058) compared to the OFD group. No statistically significant differences between the groups were observed for gingival recession, or the patient's satisfaction with the treatment and aesthetics. There were some statistically significant differences between the centres for PAL and PPD with the Italian centres reporting better outcomes. Conclusions: The use of a bone substitute covered with a resorbable membrane yielded significantly better statistical clinical outcomes than open flap debridement in the treatment of periodontal infrabony defects deeper than 3 mm, with regard to PAL gain, PPD reduction and RAD gain. Keywords: bone substitutes, infrabony defect, periodontitis, randomised controlled trial

Purpose: Subsinus bone regeneration procedures are reliable and known to be effective with the use of biomaterials alone. Nevertheless, many types of biomaterials are available, and the efficacy of each in terms of bone formation and resorption rate has rarely been compared. This study aimed to compare bone formation, resorption rate, osteoconductivity, and three-dimensional volume changes of three biomaterials often used for alveolar ridge augmentation. Materials and Methods: Rabbits underwent bilateral sinus elevation using three different types of space fillers: bovine hydroxyapatite (BHA), beta-tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP), or biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP). Animals were sacrificed at 1 week, 5 weeks, and 6 months. Samples were subjected to microcomputed tomography and histologic examination. Qualitative analysis was performed on nondecalcified sections, and quantitative histomorphometric analysis was conducted using scanning electron microscopy. Volume differences in augmented bone were calculated at different time points. Results: All three particulated biomaterials promoted osteogenesis in this particular animal model. At 6 months, biomaterial resorption rates were significantly different across the three groups. The highest resorption rate was found with ß-TCP, in which only 6.7% of the baseline particle surface remained. At 6 months, bone was in close contact with the BHA particles, constituting a composite network; in contrast, BCP particles were often surrounded by soft tissue. Within each group, no significant differences in volume were found at the different time points. Conclusions: Despite the limitations of the study, the three studied biomaterials proved to be effective in promoting osteogenesis. High resorption rates and complete replacement of the biomaterials by bone seemed to withstand intrasinusal pressure. Further investigations in humans should consider longer follow-up periods.

Purpose: Pneumatized sinuses in the posterior maxilla often make implant placement difficult or impossible. A sinus lifting procedure can reliably augment the bone height, with the highest success rates reported when two-stage implants are placed 6 to 9 months later. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical reliability of a shortened approach in which nonsubmerged implants were placed at the time of sinus augmentation. Materials and Methods: All patients treated with sinus floor elevation and simultaneous implant placement at the authors' institution from 1999 to 2004 were retrospectively selected for a long-term follow-up study. Sinus elevation was considered when the remaining subantral bone height did not reach 6 mm in one or more implant sites. The lateral window technique was performed using bovine hydroxyapatite as a filler, and nonsubmerged implants were placed immediately. Implant and prosthodontic survival rates, as well as biologic and prosthodontic complications, were evaluated 2 to 6 years after loading. Results: In a sample of 40 patients, 50 subantral bone augmentations were performed and 102 implants were placed using the one-stage approach. One implant remained submerged because of a lack of primary stability. No sinusitis was noted. Only two implants were lost before loading. No implants failed after the definitive restorations were placed, leading to a 98% implant survival rate and 100% prosthodontic survival rate after 2 to 6 years. Conclusions: Subantral bone regeneration with bovine hydroxyapatite as a space filler is an effective and safe procedure allowing high survival rates of implants placed in the posterior maxilla. If the remaining bone is sufficient to ensure primary stability, implant placement can be performed simultaneously with sinus lifting, and even in a nonsubmerged fashion. Keywords: biomaterials, bone regeneration, bovine hydroxyapatite, implants, sinus lift, subantral augmentation