PubMed ID (PMID): 29292409Pages 339-340, Language: English, GermanWiedhahn, Klaus / Reiss, Bernd / Schenk, Olaf
PubMed ID (PMID): 29292410Pages 343-361, Language: English, GermanMehl, Albert / Bosch, Gabriel / Fischer, Carolin / Ender, Andreas
Statement of problem: Three-dimensional (3D) intraoral scanning systems allow for the simultaneous acquisition of 3D information about tooth surfaces and a photorealistic view of the patient's tooth colors.
Aim: The goal of this study was the in vivo comparison of a new 3D scanner with a color acquisition mode and conventional visual and digital color measurements.
Materials and methods: The colors of 40 teeth of 20 patients were evaluated in seven ways: 1) By dentists using the Vita 3D-Master; 2) By dental technicians using the Vita 3D-Master; 3) With the 3Shape Trios device; 4) With the Vita Easyshade device; 5) With the Vita Easyshade Advance device; 6) With the SpectroShade device; and 7) With the SpectroShade Micro device. Digital measurements of Groups 3 to 7 were repeated three times for each tooth. For all groups, both the CIE Lab values and the Vita 3D-Master values were recorded. The repeatability and relative accuracy of the Vita 3D-Master values were analyzed statistically using Pearson's chi-squared test (α < 0.05). ΔE values were calculated from the CIE Lab values, which served as a basis for performing multidimensional scaling (MDS) and evaluating differences between the groups using the one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tamhane's test (α < 0.05).
Results: The results of the ΔE values showed that clinically relevant differences between the evaluation by dentists, dental technicians, and the intraoral scanning device (3Shape) are negligible. The intraoral 3D scanning device (Group 3) and the digital systems (Groups 4 to 7) did not differ significantly in the repeatability of color shade management. The SpectroShade Micro (Group 7) had significantly better relative accuracy than the other devices.
Conclusions: The results demonstrate that intraoral scanning systems can be used to measure both tooth color and tooth surface in 3D.
Clinical implications: Intraoral optical scanning devices allow for the acquisition of accurate 3D surface data. Tooth color can be evaluated simultaneously and can be used to determine the color of restorations without requiring additional conventional color-measurement methods.
Keywords: intraoral scanning, tooth color measurement, spectrophotometer, shade guide, CAD/CAM
PubMed ID (PMID): 29292411Pages 363-375, Language: English, GermanRobben, Jan / Muallah, Jonas / Wesemann, Christian / Nowak, Roxana / Mah, James / Pospiech, Peter / Bumann, Axel
Kiefermodelle können mit Modellscannern, intraoralen Scannern und mittlerweile auch digitalen Volumentomographie (DVT)-Geräten digitalisiert werden. Das Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Genauigkeit von fünf verschiedenen DVT-Geräten bezüglich der Digitalisierung von Gipsmodellen zu untersuchen. Ein als Patient dienendes Studienmodell wurde mittels Doppelmischtechnik abgeformt und die Abformung mit Gips ausgegossen. Am resultierenden Gipsmodell wurden die Masterwerte für die Zahnbogenlänge, die Intermolarenweite und die Intercaninenweite mit einem Koordinatenmessgerät (Zeiss O-Inspect 422) gemessen. Anschließend wurde das Patientenmodell mit fünf DVT-Geräten bei acht Scan-Modi (CS 9300, CS 9300 Select, CS 8100 3D [Carestream]; Promax 3D MidTM [Planmeca] und Whitefox® [Acteon]) gescannt. Pro DVT-Gerät und Modus wurden 37 Scans angefertigt. Die resultierenden DICOM-Daten wurden als Stereolithografie-Daten exportiert und mit einer speziellen Messsoftware (Convince™ Premium 2012 [3Shape]) linear vermessen. Alle Messungen wurden mit den Masterwerten des Patientenmodells verglichen. Die Genauigkeitsmessungen ergaben signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den DVT-Geräten. Die höchsten Genauigkeiten zeigten das Whitefox® (IMW: MW ± SD: 5,5 ± 5,7 µm) und das CS 9300-Gerät (IMW: MW ± SD: -15 ± 7,4 µm). Vergleichbare Werte konnten auch bei geringerer Genauigkeit mit den CS 8100 3D (IMW: MW ± SD: -81,2 ± 7,4 µm) und CS 9300 Select (IMW: MW ± SD: -82,2 ± 6,6 µm) erzielt werden. Das Promax 3D MidTM-Gerät (IMW: MW ± SD: -126,1 ± 4,8 µm) erreichte die schlechtesten Werte. Einige DVT-Geräte eignen sich zur Digitalisierung von Gipsmodellen und weisen klinisch eine sehr gute Genauigkeit auf, sodass Praxen, die mit DVT-Geräten ausgestattet sind, Gipsmodelle digitalisieren könnten, ohne zusätzliche Geräte zu benötigen.
Keywords: DVT-Geräte, indirekte Digitalisierung, Gipsmodell, CAD/CAM, Genauigkeit, Stereolithografie
PubMed ID (PMID): 29292412Pages 377-392, Language: English, GermanAl-Nuaimi, Nassr / Patel, Shanon / Foschi, Federico / Mannocci, Francesco / Austin, Rupert S.
Objectives: To evaluate the in vitro accuracy of digital impressions for three-dimensional (3D) volumetric measurement of residual coronal tooth structure postendodontic cavity preparation, with reference to micro-computed tomography (μCT).
Methods: Quantification of the accuracy and precision of the intraoral digital scanner (3M True Definition Scanner - IOS) was performed using a metrology gauge block and a profilometric calibration model. Thirty-four human extracted molars with endodontic access cavities were scanned using both intraoral scanning (test scanner) in high-resolution mode, and µCT (reference scanner: GE Locus SP μCT scanner) in high- (HiResCT) and low- (LoResCT) resolution modes. Comparisons of volumetric accuracy and 3D profilometric deviations were performed using surface metrology software. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), in combination with the Bonferroni post hoc test, was implemented to compare the differences in volume measurements between scanning methods.
Results: Digital scanning revealed smaller volume measurements by 1.36% and 0.68% compared to HiResCT and LoResCT, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the volumetric measurements obtained from the IOS scanner and both HiResCT and LoResCT scans (P < 0.001). Analysis of the mean 3D profilometric deviations revealed that the IOS displayed greater surface deviation (± 27/33 μm) vs HiResCT and LoResCT (± 16/32 μm).
Conclusions: Although volumetric measurements of endodontically accessed teeth were up to 1.36% smaller in comparison to µCT, the digital scanner was able to reliably measure the extra- and intracoronal aspect of the endodontically accessed tooth.
Keywords: intraoral scanner, micro-computed tomography, endodontic cavity preparation, residual coronal tooth structure, volumetric, metrology
PubMed ID (PMID): 29292413Pages 393-407, Language: English, TurkishDindaroğlu, Furkan / Doğan, Servet / Yalçın, Aycan / Türkan, Nilay / Yüvrük, Elif
Objective: The aim of this study was to assess how faces with different lower facial height (LFH) were visually perceived by laypersons using eye-tracking technology.
Materials and method: A total of 48 facial images of volunteers with different LFH (normodivergent, hypodivergent, hyperdivergent) were randomly viewed by 50 participants (25 male, 25 female) using Tobii Eye Tracker (Tobii T60, Tobii Technology AB, Sweden). Facial images with normal lower anterior facial height (LAFH) were used as the control group. All images were divided into three areas of interest (AOI): eyes, nose, and lower face. Eye movements of participants were analyzed with Tobii Studio software (version 3.3.1, Tobii Technology). Time to first fixation (TFF), fixation before (FB) (initial attentional capture), fixation duration (FD), and fixation count (FC) (sustained attention) parameters were measured and compared between image groups. Repeated measures ANOVA, independent samples t test, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used for statistical analysis.
Results: In all image groups, the eyes were the most remarkable area that was looked at most and longest. A significant main effect was revealed for TFF on the lower face area between image groups: F (2.98) = 9.61, P = 0.00, η2 = 0.164. The lower face area of the hyperdivergent images was found to capture initial attention faster than that of the other images. A significant main effect was revealed for FD on the lower face area between image groups: F (2.98) = 22.98, P = 0.00, η2 = 0.319.
Conclusions: Increased and decreased LFH affected visual perception. The difference in LFH did not alter the hierarchy of visual perception.
Keywords: lower facial height (LFH), visual perception, eye tracking
PubMed ID (PMID): 29292414Pages 409-421, Language: English, GermanSchwindling, Franz Sebastian / Rammelsberg, Peter / Krisam, Johannes / Rues, Stefan
Objectives: Double-crown attachments, such as conical crowns (CCs), can retain removable partial prostheses. Digital manufacturing enables the use of innovative materials such as zirconia, and new workflows. The aim of this study was to investigate options for the adjustment of retention forces of all-zirconia CCs.
Materials and methods: Single zirconia primary crowns were produced with convergence angles (α) of 3 and 4 degrees, together with monolithic zirconia secondary crowns (n = 8 for α = 3 degrees; n = 8 for α = 4 degrees). Retention was measured by fitting the crowns with forces F = 12.5 to 100 N, and evaluating the magnitudes of the forces required for loosening (L). L/F ratios were recorded, and the coefficient of friction (µ0) was calculated. To limit the maximum force required for loosening, and to prevent high tensile stresses within the crowns, the width of the occlusal gap between the primary and secondary crowns was limited by the implementation of occlusal stops.
Results: True convergence angles were more conical than expected, by approximately 0.3 degrees. For α = 3 degrees and α = 4 degrees, L/F ratios were 0.308 (SD 0.04) and 0.208 (SD 0.068), respectively. The overall coefficient of static friction was µ0 = 0.113. Maximum retention forces were successfully controlled; the average values were 12.1 N (SD 4.5 N) for zirconia occlusal stops, and 12.8 N (SD 3.3 N) for composite occlusal stops.
Conclusion: The clinically desired L/F ratio of 1/3 was achieved by selecting 3-degree burs for fabrication of all-zirconia CCs. It is possible to limit retention, thereby reducing tensile stress in the circumferential direction in secondary crowns.
Keywords: CAD/CAM, prosthetic dentistry, bioengineering, biomechanics, ceramics, removable dental prosthesis
PubMed ID (PMID): 29292415Pages 423-438, Language: English, ItalianSaratti, Carlo Massimo / Del Curto, Filippo / Rocca, Giovanni Tommaso / Krejci, Ivo
The last few decades have seen an upward trend of the pathologies of abrasion, erosion, and abfraction. These pathologies, especially in combination, can provoke a significant loss of tooth substance. Nowadays, modern digital chairside technologies and new restorative materials allow clinicians to restore the lost tooth structure with a minimally invasive and fully digital approach. This article describes a step-by-step procedure of a full-mouth rehabilitation performed with a total digital chairside approach in several appointments.
Keywords: Digital workflow, CAD/CAM, full-mouth rehabilitation, DVO augmentation