Meistgelesene Beiträge

This literature-based OPINION PAPER reflects in an introductory historical perspective on the rapid advancement of dental adhesive technology. Past and current techniques to bond to tooth tissue, in particular to dentin as the most challenging bonding substrate, are critically appraised. Including the historical perspective in (1), this paper focuses on fourteen items thought to be of primary importance with regard to the current status of dental adhesive technology. In (2) the primary mechanisms involved in adhesion to enamel and especially dentin are dealt with having (3) also revisited the previously introduced adhesion-decalcification concept (AD concept) as basis of biomaterial-hard tissue interaction; the worldwide accepted classification of today's adhesives into etch&rinse (E&R) and self-etch (SE) adhesives are presented in (4), along with presentation of their respective PLUS-MINUS balances in (5) and (6); nomination of the GOLD-STANDARD E&R (7) and SE (8) adhesives is based on evidence of successful laboratory and long-term clinical performance, resulting in a recommended 3-step full E&R bonding route in (9) and the preferred 3-step combined selective enamel E&R with 2-SE bonding route in (10); (11) description of the main bond-degradation pathways and eight strategies to preserve bond stability; (12) coverage of the PROS and CONS of the newest generation of UNIVERSAL adhesives. Looking into the future, some expected future developments in dental adhesive technology have been suggested in (13), along with (14) a first status determination of the latest research-and-development towards self-adhesive restorative materials that no longer require any pre-treatment. Schlagwörter: review, bonding, dentin, adhesion, self-adhesive

Purpose: The goals of this review are (1) to describe the evidence behind the use of ceramics vs composite resin to restore teeth with anterior veneers using a minimally-invasive strategy; and (2) to discuss the choice of materials and techniques for anterior veneer restorations. Overview: In recent years new adhesive restorative materials and techniques have been introduced in dentistry, including nanofilled composite resins for direct restorations, new ceramic materials that combine esthetics and strength, and polymer/ceramic materials for indirect restorations that are fabricated chairside using CAD/CAM technology, allowing the dentist to design, mill, and cement the restoration in one session. In spite of the novelty and new technology behind the introduction of new materials, the available evidence that backs some of these materials does not justify their use over similar materials or techniques that have been used by dentists for some years. Notwithstanding the success of laminate veneers and the popularity of new materials and digital techniques, the classical direct composite resin veneer is still very popular among clinicians and taught in dental schools and continuing education courses. Direct composite resin veneers are usually more affordable than indirect veneers, less invasive of the tooth structure, and easier to repair. Current composite resin materials can be finished to a tooth-like appearance, but they are susceptible to alterations of the surface gloss and potential discoloration of the composite resin. On the other hand, the preparation for indirect veneers is generally more invasive and the respective restorations are more difficult to repair. In addition, the esthetic outcome of bonded ceramic restorations still depends on the clinical behavior of the dentin adhesive and resin luting cement used to bond the restoration to the tooth structure. Conclusions: The ultimate goals of any restorative treatment are to restore function and esthetics, prevent recurrent caries lesions and bacterial leakage into the pulp space, save tooth structure, and promote the well-being of our patients. The armamentarium of new dental materials for esthetic clinical procedures has increased exponentially in the last few years. The use of different materials and techniques for anterior veneer restorations must be based on sound evidence rather than on the marketing hype or testimonials. Schlagwörter: adhesion, ceramics, clinical, composite resin, MID, restorative materials, veneers

Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate the resistance and failure mode of broken-down endodontically treated incisors without ferrule restored with CAD/CAM endocrowns. Materials and methods: Endodontically treated bovine incisors (N = 30) without ferrule were divided into two groups and restored with two types of CAD/CAM endocrowns: lithium disilicate (Eld) or resin nanoceramics (Erc). The preparations included a 4-mm–deep ‘internal ferrule’ and immediate dentin sealing. The samples were subjected to accelerated fatigue testing. Cyclic isometric loading was applied to the incisal edge at a 30-degree angle at a frequency of 5 Hz, beginning with a load of 100 N (5,000 cycles). A 100 N load increase was applied every 15,000 cycles. Specimens were loaded until failure or to a maximum of 140,000 cycles. Previously published data from the same authors regarding lithium disilicate crowns over post-and-core buildups without ferrule (NfPf), core buildups without post without ferrule (NfNpFR), and with a 2-mm ferrule (FNp) using the same experimental setup were included for comparison. Groups were compared using the Kaplan Meier survival analysis for cycles (log rank pairwise post hoc test comparisons at P = 0.05) and Life Table survival analysis for load at failure, followed by the Wilcoxon pairwise comparison at P = 0.05. Results: All specimens failed before 140,000 load cycles. There was no statistically significant difference between the endocrown materials (Eld: 53,448 mean endured cycles; Erc: 52,397 mean endured cycles; P = 0.844). Endocrowns outperformed the group with lithium disilicate crowns on incisors without ferrule and post-and-core buildup (NfPf with mean endured 35,025 cycles), showed no statistical difference compared with the group with no-post fiber-reinforced composite resin core buildup (NfNpFR with 45,557 mean endured cycles), and had a lower survival rate compared with the group with ferrule (FNp with mean endured 73,244 cycles). Endocrowns generated a majority of non-catastrophic failures (with an advantage for Erc), while 100% of catastrophic failures were found in the group with a post. Conclusions: CAD/CAM endocrowns of nonvital incisors without ferrule improved the resistance and optimized the failure mode when compared with traditional bonded crowns with adhesive post-and-core and no-post buildups.

The present article describes a treatment planning clinical strategy based on a flowchart developed to facilitate the treatment of teeth with severely compromised clinical crowns. The study comprised a group of 978 patients presenting with 2327 teeth needing clinical crown reconstruction. The patients were screened, diagnosed, and treated with a multidisciplinary approach according to a flowchart structure. A subgroup of 75 teeth in 62 patients was considered irrational to treat when a composite risk-evaluation model was applied. Another subgroup of 168 teeth in 126 patients required periodontal surgery and received a minimally invasive crown lengthening (MICL) procedure. Endodontic treatment was necessary for 73 teeth, and retreatment for 51. Most of the teeth (124 in 94 patients) received a full crown, while the remaining 44 teeth received a direct (24 teeth) or an indirect (20 teeth) reconstruction. Six teeth were orthodontically extruded before surgery. The 1-year average probing depth and clinical attachment level at the treated teeth was 2.5 ± 0.5 mm and 2.7 ± 0.6 mm, respectively. Bleeding on probing was detected in 19 sites (11.3%). No side effects or short-term recurrences were detected in 168 treated sites. Patients described function and esthetics as extremely satisfactory, very satisfactory, or satisfactory. In conclusion, an accurate screening based on a flowchart supported the clinical decision to treat 168 teeth with MICL and to replace 75 out of 2327 teeth presented at our clinic for restorations. The use of MICL and the high-quality restorations resulted in a healthy periodontal and dental condition of all the treated teeth as well as patient satisfaction at the 1-year follow-up.

Background: The characteristics of the periodontium in anterior teeth influence the outcomes and prognosis of different periodontal, implant, and restorative procedures. In the present study, CBCT images were used to determine alveolar bone thickness and, to a lesser extent, gingival thickness. The aim was to evaluate the use of CBCT to measure the dentogingival complex in the anterior maxilla. Materials and methods: CBCT scans from 25 healthy patients were taken and the maxillary anterior teeth (n = 138) analyzed in the radial plane. The study provided descriptive data on gingival thickness, alveolar bone thickness (horizontal measurements), and vertical measurements related to biologic width. Results: The mean distance from gingival margin to bone crest (BC) was 3.4 ± 0.7 mm, and that between the cementoenamel junction and BC was 2.6 ± 1.0 mm. The average mid-labial gingival thickness 1 mm apical of the gingival margin was 1.0 ± 0.3 mm; a thinner gingiva was observed in females (P = 0.01) and canines (P < 0.001). The average crestal labial bone thickness was 0.8 ± 0.3 mm. In total, 62% of the tooth sites had a thin gingiva (< 1 mm), and 72% had thin labial bone plates; a moderate positive correlation was found between these parameters (P < 0.001). Conclusions: CBCT was effective in providing data on the thickness of the labial plate and gingiva as well as on the relationship among BC, CEJ, and gingival margin. The majority of tooth sites had thin labial bone and thin gingiva, with thinner gingiva observed in females and at canine sites.

Background: The palatal surface of the maxillary anterior teeth in conjunction with the incisal edge represents the mechanical area, which is of great importance for lateral and anterior guidance. Therefore, in terms of restorative dentistry, it is crucial for the clinician to have a detailed knowledge of the palatal surface anatomy (PSA) of the different maxillary anterior teeth in order to reestablish a definitive correlation between form, function, and esthetics. The aim of the present study was to analyze the variations in the PSA of the maxillary central incisors (CIs) and their correlation with tooth form and gender. Materials and methods: Impressions of the maxillary arch of 500 study participants were taken and then classified according to PSA and tooth form. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The chi-square test was utilized for comparisons among PSA, tooth form, and gender of the participants. Results: The results showed Type 5 to be the most common PSA in maxillary CIs and the square tooth form to be the most common tooth form among both genders; Type 5 was also found to be the most common PSA within the square tooth form.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe oral health knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of parents and caregivers of preschool children in order to inform an oral health promotion strategy. Materials and Methods: A sample of parents and caregivers of children attending nine randomly selected preschools in central Trinidad were invited to complete a self-administered questionnaire on early childhood oral health. Results: A total of 309 parents and caregivers participated: 88% were female, 74.4% were of Indian ethnicity, with 50.4% in manual employment, and 50.2% educated to secondary level. 59.1% felt a child's first dental visit should be when all primary teeth are present. 64% had not taken their child for a dental visit. 81.6% rated their child's oral health as good or better and 28% would want an asymptomatic, decayed primary tooth extracted rather than filled. Over 80% used fluoride toothpaste. 52.8% always supervised their child's toothbrushing, and 44% claimed to be using the recommended pea-size amount. 26.2% reported having used a sweetened feeding bottle or infant feeder at night. Conclusion: Parents and caregivers of preschool children in this sample had reasonable oral health knowledge. However, despite generally positive attitudes towards preventive oral healthcare, confusion regarding dental attendance, supervised toothbrushing, fluoride use and sugar intake suggests that these items require particular emphasis in oral health promotion programmes aimed at improving early childhood oral health. Schlagwörter: early childhood caries, parents, caregivers, oral health promotion

Purpose: To the assess whole salivary cotinine and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) levels among individuals involuntarily exposed to vapor from electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) (test group) and unexposed individuals (control group). Materials and Methods: Demographic data and information related to ENDS vapor exposure were collected using a questionnaire. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected, unstimulated whole-saliva flow rate (UWSFR) was calculated, and cotinine and IL-1β levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Sample-size estimation and statistical analysis were performed. Regression analysis was performed to determine the correlation between whole salivary cotinine and IL-1β levels. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Forty-eight individuals (24 and 24 in test and control groups, respectively) were included. Mean ages of individuals in the test and control groups were comparable. In the test group, the mean duration for which the individuals inhaled vapor from ENDS in each session was 22.3 ± 9.5 min and they were exposed to ENDS vapor 12.2 ± 2.4 times daily. There was no difference in the UWSFR between patients in the test (0.21 ± 0.02 ml/min) and control (0.22 ± 0.04 ml/min) groups. Whole salivary cotinine (p < 0.001) and IL-1β (p < 0.001) levels were significantly higher in the test than control group. Conclusion: Young adults involuntarily exposed to vapor from ENDS express elevated whole salivary cotinine and IL-1β levels. Long-term exposure to ENDS vapor may potentially predispose vulnerable populations to oral and systemic inflammatory diseases. Schlagwörter: cotinine, electronic nicotine delivery systems, interleukin 1 beta, unstimulated whole saliva, vaping

Purpose: Currently, there is no consensus on recommendations for manual toothbrushing techniques between dentists, oral health therapists and dental companies. The aim of this systematic review is to identify and assess the quality of evidence of the effectiveness of manual toothbrushing techniques in the existing literature. Methods: A broad search was conducted on the electronic databases Medline via Ovid, PubMed and EBSCO Dentistry & Oral Sciences. Included studies examined manual toothbrushing technique efficiency. Articles were assessed utilising the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. These included five randomised controlled trials (RCT), seven experimental non-randomised control studies and one in vitro study. Results: Of the 3190 articles identified, 40 were relevant to manual toothbrushing and 13 were included in the final review. Studies indicating statistically significantly superior plaque removal for a given technique were Bass (one), modified Bass (one), Charter's (two), Fones (two), scrub (two), roll (one), modified Stillman (one), toothpick method (one). Four studies exhibited no statistically significant difference in effectiveness of plaque removal. Unfortunately, considerable variation was found between studies, making a definitive conclusion impossible in terms of an ideal manual toothbrushing technique that would promote plaque removal and reduce gingivitis. Conclusion: There is still insufficient evidence for suggesting that one toothbrushing method is more effective than another in plaque removal and reduction of gingivitis. Excessive variability in many aspects of the design and methodology of the selected studies hinder conclusions on an ideal manual toothbrushing technique. Experimental randomised controlled trials that follow the CONSORT guidelines are required to provide adequate-quality evidence and make any definitive conclusions on the relative effectiveness of manual toothbrushing techniques. Schlagwörter: evidence-based medicine, oral hygiene, systematic review, toothbrushing

Anterior open bites can cause both aesthetic and functional issues in patients. Previous research has demonstrated stable results with counterclockwise rotation of the mandible following maxillary molar intrusion, thereby leading to closure of open bites. In this case, a modified transpalatal arch (TPA) was chosen, as the patient declined the use of temporary anchorage devices (TADs). A 15-year-old patient presented with a Class III skeletal profile, an anterior open bite, steep mandibular plane, increased lower facial height, obtuse gonial angle, mandibular anterior spacing and a mild tongue thrust. The use of a fixed TPA was decided since the appliance would help to intrude the maxillary molars, thereby bringing about improved positioning of the chin, increased overbite and a more favourable lower facial height. Utilising a diagnostic modality such as finite element analysis (FEA) for treatment planning can aid in the specific design and placement strategies of appliances for optimal results. The result of the present patient case demonstrates the essential role played by FEA in studying the effects of the placement of a TPA at different positions and using various designs to lead to a successful outcome. Schlagwörter: open bite, transpalatal arch (TPA), finite element analysis (FEA), counterclockwise rotation, molar intrusion

The injectable composite resin technique is an indirect/direct method that uses a transparent silicone index for accurate and predictable translation of a diagnostic wax-up into composite restorations without the need for tooth preparation. This case report involves a 22-year-old man who presented with esthetic and functional problems associated with diastemas and insufficient tooth visibility. Clinical examination revealed inadequate canine guidance in lateral excursion. The treatment plan included the fabrication of composite veneers for the maxillary incisors and canines. A wax-up was prepared by simulation of functional movements on an articulator, and a transparent silicone index was prepared after checking a mock-up in the oral cavity. The teeth were restored with flowable composite injected and polymerized through the transparent silicone index. The conventional technique was modified by cutting the silicone index at the gingival margin, using individual mock-ups as space holders, and the use of gingival retraction cords. The final outcomes were elongated teeth for increased visibility, closed diastemas, and reshaped canines for adequate guidance in lateral excursion. A protective splint for night-time wear was fabricated and delivered to ensure long-term stability. The patient did not exhibit any soft tissue inflammation or significant wear during a 24-month follow-up period. The technique described is minimally invasive and inexpensive, and it can be used for definitive as well as translational restorations. The treatment goals are to establish adequate function and esthetics, with advantages including minimal tooth structure loss and cost-effectiveness. Stable and predictable results can be achieved with proper planning and a careful workflow. Schlagwörter: composite resin injection, composite veneer, esthetic rehabilitation, functional rehabilitation, transparent silicone index

An orthodontic extraction technique with a ramus mini-screw was used to remove a deeply impacted mandibular third molar contacting the inferior alveolar nerve, avoiding damage to the inferior alveolar nerve and relieving postsurgery inflammation. Case presentation: A 24-year-old man was required to extract impacted third molars for orthodontic treatment. Panoramic radiographs and CBCT images showed that his mandibular left third molar penetrated into the inferior alveolar nerve canal and a distomolar was inverted and impacted distally to the third molar. The distomolar was directly removed and the impacted third molar was extruded with the aid of a ramus mini-screw. After 4 months of traction, the mandibular left third molar was successfully moved away from the inferior alveolar nerve canal. No nerve injury occurred after the surgical extraction and the patient was very satisfied with the treatment outcome. Conclusion: Orthodontic extraction, with the aid of ramus mini-screws, is a safe, effective, and efficient technique for the removal of high-risk impacted molars contacting the inferior alveolar nerve. (Quintessence Int 2021;52:538–546; doi: 10.3290/j.qi.b1244345) Schlagwörter: impacted tooth, nerve injury, orthodontic extraction, ramus mini-screw, third molar, traction

Die Bedeutung qualifizierter Mitarbeiter/-innen für die Prophylaxe in der Zahnarztpraxis ist unbestritten. Zahnärztinnen und Zahnärzte arbeiten sehr eng mit ihrem nichtzahnärztlichen Team zusammen. Dabei können sie nicht jede Aufgabe in ihrer Praxis selbst erledigen und haben deshalb die Möglichkeit, bestimmte Tätigkeiten an dafür qualifizierte Mitarbeiter/-innen − mit einer abgeschlossenen Ausbildung zur Zahnarzthelferin/zum Zahnarzthelfer (ZAH) oder zur/zum Zahnmedizinischen Fachangestellten (ZFA) als Voraussetzung − zu übertragen. Die Delegation zahnärztlicher Leistungen wird durch das Zahnheilkundegesetz (ZHG) eröffnet. Der Delegationsrahmen der Bundeszahnärztekammer (BZÄK) für ZFA erläutert die Grundsätze der Delegation und interpretiert das ZHG exemplarisch. Dieser Artikel gibt einführend einen kurzen Überblick über die Karrierewege nach der Ausbildung zur/zum ZFA und beschränkt sich dabei auf die Aufstiegsfortbildungen, für welche die BZÄK bundeseinheitliche Muster-Fortbildungs- und Prüfungsordnungen formuliert hat. Ebenso informiert der Beitrag auf Grundlage des ZHG über Grundsätze, Möglichkeiten und juristische Grenzen der Delegation zahnärztlicher (Teil-)Leistungen an dafür qualifizierte Mitarbeiter/-innen. Die juristische Grenzziehung erfolgt im Wesentlichen über die Normierungen des ZHG, welche für Zahnärztinnen und Zahnärzte und ihr Team in einem Rahmen Rechtssicherheit bei der Delegation von (Teil-)Leistungen bieten. Es werden auch die professionelle Zahnreinigung (PZR) sowie in Teilen die neue Behandlungsstrecke bei der Parodontitistherapie unter den Bedingungen der seit dem 1. Juli 2021 geltenden Richtlinie zur systematischen Behandlung von Parodontitis und anderer Parodontalerkrankungen (PAR-Richtlinie) berücksichtigt. Ein Ausblick schließt den Beitrag ab. Manuskripteingang: 05.08.2021, Annahme: 28.10.2021 Schlagwörter: Aufstiegsfortbildung, Zahnheilkundegesetz, Delegation, professionelle Zahnreinigung (PZR), antiinfektiöse Therapie (AIT), subgingivale Instrumentierung, geschlossene mechanische Therapie (GMT), unterstützende Parodontitistherapie (UPT), langfristiger Zahnerhalt, Parodontitis

Eine funktionierende und somit nachhaltige parodontale Therapie hängt von vielen verschiedenen Parametern ab. Neben den patientenseitigen Faktoren spielen auch die behandlerspezifischen Fähigkeiten und Techniken eine entscheidende Rolle. Ziel dieses Fallberichts soll es sein, anhand eines Patientenfalles mögliche Synergien auf der Seite des Praxisteams aufzuzeigen und diese möglichst nutzbar einzubringen, um eine nachhaltige Therapie durchführen zu können und den Patienten in diesem Kompetenzgefüge richtig einzubinden. Dies schafft eine gute Basis für die Behandlungsqualität und bringt die parodontale Therapie als Teamleistung zum Ausdruck – entsprechend unserem Ziel, die Nachsorge als wichtige Stütze der gesamten Therapie sichtbar zu machen, sodass diese auch eingefordert wird. Manuskripteingang: 14.09.2021, Annahme: 01.11.2021 Schlagwörter: Dentalhygienikerin, Dentalhygieniker, parodontaler Screening-Index (PSI), systematische Parodontitistherapie, parodontale Befundung, unterstützende Parodontitistherapie (UPT)

Dental plaque is an archetypical biofilm composed of a complex microbial community. It is the aetiological agent for major dental diseases such as dental caries and periodontal disease. The clinical picture of these dental diseases is a net result of the cross-talk between the pathogenic dental plaque biofilm and the host tissue response. In the healthy state, both plaque biofilm and adjacent tissues maintain a delicate balance, establishing a harmonious relationship between the two. However, changes occur during the disease process that transform this 'healthy' dental plaque into a 'pathogenic' biofilm. Recent advances in molecular microbiology have improved the understanding of dental plaque biofilm and produced numerous clinical benefits. Therefore, it is imperative that clinicians keep abreast with these new developments in the field of dentistry. Better understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind dental diseases will facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies to establish a 'healthy dental plaque biofilm' by modulating both host and microbial factors. In this review, the present authors aim to summarise the current knowledge on dental plaque as a microbial biofilm and its properties in oral health and disease. Schlagwörter: dental plaque biofilm, health and disease, properties

Objective: To determine the association of high occlusal force (HOF) with the signs of occlusal trauma and periodontal conditions in periodontitis patients, and elaborate the relevant clinical implications. Methods: Periodontal parameters and signs of occlusal trauma were recorded for 807 teeth in 30 subjects with untreated chronic periodontitis. The T-scan II occlusal analysis system determined the HOF during maximum intercuspation, lateral excursion and protrusive excursion. The correlation of HOF with periodontal parameters and signs of occlusal trauma was analysed. Results: Overall, the teeth with HOF existed mainly in molars and presented with deeper probing depth (PD) and higher frequency of bleeding on probing (BOP) than those without HOF. The fixed-effect analysis showed that HOF was positively correlated with PD and BOP (P < 0.05) in posterior teeth; widened periodontal ligament space on radiographs in upper (r = 0.179, P < 0.01) and lower posterior teeth (r = 0.205; P < 0.05); as well as functional mobility in upper posterior teeth (r = 0.168; P < 0.05). Conclusion: This study suggests that the posterior teeth with HOF in subjects with chronic periodontitis may reflect occlusal trauma-associated periodontal conditions that could probably increase the risk of further periodontal destruction. These findings may improve the clinical assessment of occlusal trauma and related periodontal conditions for better patient management and treatment outcomes. Schlagwörter: chronic periodontitis, occlusal trauma, T-scan occlusal analysis system

Purpose: Recent data indicate that gene polymorphisms, e.g. those of vitamin D-receptor (VDR), are associated with an increased susceptibility to chronic periodontitis (CP). This study investigated whether VDR gene polymorphism is associated with chronic periodontitis in a population in Western Romania, by determining the prevalence of the BsmI (rs1544410), ApaI (rs7975232), TaqI (rs731236) and FokI (rs2228570) genotypes and comparing the CP group with a periodontally healthy group. Materials and Methods: This case-control study included 53 patients with CP and 47 healthy patients. VDR polymorphisms were genotyped using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The associations between VDR polymorphisms and CP were determined using logistic regression models, adjusted for patient age and serum level of Vitamin D. Results: We found a statistically significant association between the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2228570 (FokI) and CP. Compared with subjects having the Thymine-Thymine (TT) genotype, those with the Cytosine-Cytosine (CC) variant were 19 times more likely to have the disease (adjusted odd ratio [OR]: 19.58; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.67 - 198.92) and with the Thymine-Cytosine (TC) variant, 8 times more likely (adjusted OR: 7.86; 95% CI: 1.29 - 61.56). Also, for the SNP rs1544410 (BsmI), compared with the Adenine-Adenine (AA) genotype, the Adenine-Guanine (AG) variant had an increased risk of periodontal disease (crude OR: 3.76; 95% CI: 1.15 - 13.80). Conclusion: This case-control study of a Western Romanian population shows an association between vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms (FokI and BsmI) and CP susceptibility. Schlagwörter: chronic periodontitis, vitamin D receptor, polymorphism, susceptibility

Artificial intelligence (AI) encompasses a broad spectrum of emerging technologies that continue to influence daily life. The evolution of AI makes the analysis of big data possible, which provides reliable information and improves the decision-making process. This article introduces the principles of AI and reviews the development of AI and how it is currently being used. AI technology has influenced the health care field because of the need for accurate diagnosis and superior patient care. In order to understand the trend of AI in dentistry, electronic searching was carried out, combined with approaching individual companies to obtain the details of AI-based services. The current applications of AI in clinical dentistry were introduced and summarized. In the future, the AI-based comprehensive care system is expected to establish high-quality patient care and innovative research and development, facilitating advanced decision support tools. The authors believe that an innovative inter-professional coordination among clinicians, researchers, and engineers will be the key to AI development in the field of dentistry. Despite the potential misinterpretations and the concern of patient privacy, AI will continue to connect with dentistry from a comprehensive perspective due to the need for precise treatment procedures and instant information exchange. Moreover, such developments will enable professionals to share health-related big data and deliver insights that improve patient care through hospitals, providers, researchers, and patients. Schlagwörter: artificial intelligence, big data, caries detection, future dentistry, machine learning

Abstract: Tooth-cavity preparation contributes to a large extent to the quality of the direct posterior composite restoration, the so-called hidden quality of the restoration. Indeed, the effect of a poor cavity design is not immediately visible after placement of the restoration. To correctly prepare a cavity for a posterior composite restoration, the tooth to be restored should first be profoundly biomechanically analyzed. Here, the forces that work on the tooth during occlusion and articulation, and the amount and quality of the remaining tooth structure determine the cavity form. In addition, the dental tissues must be prepared in order to receive the best possible bond of the adhesive and subsequent restorative composite. A well-finished cavity preparation enables the restorative composite to adapt well, providing a good marginal ?seal to the direct benefit of the clinical lifetime of the posterior composite restoration. Finally, it is highly recommendable to isolate the teeth with rubber-dam before starting with the cavity preparation, as this increases the visibility of the operating field and allows the operator to work in a more precise way.

Adjustierte Okklusionsschienen besitzen ein breites Indikationsspektrum in der Therapie funktioneller Erkrankungen des craniomandibulären Systems. Simulationsschienen erweitern dieses Indikationsspektrum um vollanatomisch ausmodellierte Okklusionsschienen, die es ermöglichen, in komplexen Fällen eine veränderte vertikale Dimension und/oder Kieferposition klinisch zu erproben, selbst beim Essen, ohne dabei invasive Präparationen zu erfordern. Sie schließen damit eine Lücke beim Übergang zwischen einer Funktionstherapie und restaurativen Folgebehandlungen. Die vorliegende Kasuistik stellt exemplarisch die Behandlung eines Patienten mit craniomandibulärer Dysfunktion in Form einer Myopathie, Arthropathie und Okklusopathie vor. Die Besonderheit der Situation bestand darin, dass bei dem Patienten nach erfolgreich abgeschlossener Initialtherapie zwei Jahre später ein Rezidiv der Gelenkarthrose auftrat, das allein mittels herkömmlicher Äquilibrierungsschienen nicht mehr erfolgreich behandelbar war. Erst durch den zusätzlichen Einsatz einer vollanatomischen Simulationsschiene am Tage und das Tragen der Positionierungsschiene in der Nacht stabilisierte sich die Situation und das Befinden des Patienten verbesserte sich nachhaltig. Damit wurden die Ziele Schmerzreduktion, Verbesserung der Unterkieferbeweglichkeit und die Rehabilitation der eingeschränkten Kaufunktion ohne invasive Therapieschritte erreicht. Eine begleitende Physiotherapie hat diesen Verlauf unterstützt. Die Kasuistik illustriert die Anwendung vollanatomischer Simulationsschienen im Übergang zwischen klassischer Funktionstherapie und irreversiblen restaurativen Therapieschritten. Schlagwörter: Simulationsschiene, Funktionstherapie, Arthritis, Kaufunktion

Purpose: To identify and assess differences in oral hygiene parameters in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with clear aligners compared to fixed appliances. Materials and Methods: Published and unpublished literature was searched in seven databases until May 31st 2021. Representative keywords included ‘orthodontic aligner’, ‘fixed appliance’, ‘oral hygiene’, ‘plaque index’, ‘caries’. Study selection, data extraction, risk of bias and certainty of evidence assessment were undertaken independently by three reviewers. Random effects meta-analyses with respective confidence intervals (95% CI) were conducted, where applicable. Results: A total of 882 unique records were screened, with a final number of 21 articles being eligible for qualitative synthesis, while 4 of those contributed to meta-analyses. Risk of bias was rated within the range of low to high or serious overall, while certainty of evidence was low to very low according to GRADE. For periodontal parameters, adults undergoing aligner orthodontic treatment presented summary plaque scores 0.58 lower than those treated with fixed appliances, within the first 6 to 12 weeks (4 studies: mean difference: -0.58; 95%CI: -0.82, -0.34; p < 0.001; I2 squared: 71.3%), while no evidence of difference was recorded for inflammation indices. Microbiologic parameters such as presence of S. mutans and lactobacilli were more pronounced in patients with fixed appliances for the first 3 to 6 months (synthesised data from 2 studies). Conclusions: In the short-term after initiation of orthodontic treatment, patients treated with aligners and no additional attachments/adjuncts presented potentially higher levels of oral health overall. However, the evidence is supported by low to very low certainty. Schlagwörter: fixed appliances, oral hygiene, orthodontic aligners, systematic review

Objective: To analyse factors associated with the susceptibility of early childhood caries (ECC), populations with a high risk of ECC were screened and guidance for ECC prevention was proposed. Methods: A total of 392 children aged 24 to 71 months were selected for oral examination in Qingdao. Parents or guardians of the participants completed the questionnaires and decayed missing filled surface (dmfs) were recorded. Differences in caries condition and oral health behaviour in different families were compared. Risk factors related to ECC were screened. The subjects were finally grouped based on the obtained dmfs into three groups: caries-free, ECC and S-ECC (severe ECC). Association of risk factors with the caries status was analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, the chi-square test and logistic regression analysis. Results: There were significant differences among the caries-free, ECC and S-ECC groups in three parameters: eating too many sweets each day, brushing before and after sleeping, and whether parents helped to brush (P < 0.01). Combined factors such as the parents' level of education, oral health knowledge, attitudes, the family's annual income, the age of children when they start to brush and not brushing regularly were also significantly related to ECC (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed among the three groups for these factors, including birth condition and nursing state, physical condition of the mother during pregnancy, feeding situation, if a pacifier was used during sleep, duration of brushing, frequency of mouth rinsing after meals each day and brushing with fluoride toothpaste (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Eating a lot of sweets, an incorrect brushing method, starting brushing at a later stage and not brushing regularly are susceptible factors for ECC. Emphasising oral health knowledge to parents and guardians, conducting proper brushing methods, limiting the frequency of sweets being eaten and avoiding an inappropriate habit of eating sweets are very important factors in the prevention of ECC. Schlagwörter: children, decayed missing filled surface (dmfs), early childhood caries (ECC), prevalence, susceptibility

Purpose: To assess the association of various factors including education level and oral health with type 2 diabetics’ awareness of periodontitis and periodontitis/diabetes relationship, and to evaluate the importance of integrated healthcare in this association. Materials and Methods: 288 type 2 diabetics were evaluated through a validated structured questionnaire about oral hygiene habits, access and attendance to dental treatment, the presence of periodontitis and previously received information of periodontitis and periodontitis/diabetes relationship. Descriptive data were explored and both simple and multiple logistic regressions were performed. Results: The average age of participants was 62.24 (±10.93) years, 81.6% were previously treated for periodontitis and approximately 70% have never received information on periodontitis and its relationship with diabetes. A higher chance of participants having previously received information regarding periodontitis was associated with more than 8 years of schooling, daily flossing habit, presence of periodontitis and prior treatment for periodontitis (p  Schlagwörter: diabetes mellitus, periodontal diseases, health promotion, public health/community dentistry, primary healthcare

Einleitung: Untersucht wurden Teilaspekte einer umfassenderen systematischen Übersichtsarbeit mit Metaanalyse zum Einfluss von Okklusionsschienen (OS) auf die maximale aktive Kieferöffnung (MAK) bei Patienten mit einer craniomandibulären Dysfunktion (CMD). Methode: Durchsucht wurden die Datenbanken PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Livivo, OpenGrey, DRKS, ClinicalTrials.gov. sowie zusätzliche Literatur. In den relevanten randomisierten klinischen Studien (RCTs) wurden erwachsene Probanden mit einer schmerzhaften CMD mit einer OS behandelt und die MAK 6 und 12 Monate nach Therapiebeginn untersucht. Die OS wurden mit keiner Therapie (KT), aktiven Therapiemethoden (AT) oder Placebo-Schienen (PS) verglichen. Das Risk of Bias-Tool des Cochrane-Instituts diente zur qualitativen Bewertung der Studien. In der Metaanalyse wurden Korrelationen mit einem Signifikanzniveau von p ≤ 0,05 getestet. Ergebnisse: Die OS erhöhte die MAK nicht statistisch signifikant im Vergleich zu KT (p = 0,28) oder zu einer PS (p = 0,76). Anderen AT unterlag die OS statistisch signifikant (p = 0,02 für den kurzfristigen Zeitraum; p = 0,01 für den mittelfristigen Zeitraum). In 18 der 21 eingeschlossenen Studien erhöhte die OS die MAK geringfügig und statistisch nicht signifikant bei dem Vergleich der Studien zu KT (p = 0,28) oder zu einer PS (p = 0,76). Anderen AT unterlag die OS statistisch signifikant (p = 0,02 für den kurzfristigen Zeitraum; p = 0,01 für den mittelfristigen Zeitraum). Schlussfolgerung: Die OS liefert keinen statistisch signifikanten Beitrag zur Verbesserung der MAK. Bei Patienten mit einer eingeschränkten Kieferöffnung sollten daher andere Therapiemethoden Einsatz finden.Registrierung: Die Forschungsarbeit wurde in der PROSPERO-Datenbank unter der Nummer CRD42019123169 registriert. Schlagwörter: Craniomandibuläre Dysfunktionen, CMD, systematische Übersichtsarbeit, Metaanalyse, Erwachsene, Schmerzausbreitung, Okklusionsschienen, Schmerzchronifizierung

Ziel: Das Ziel der Studie war es, die Anzahl, die Stärke und die Position von okklusalen Kontaktpunkten, die durch einen Intraoralscanner (IOS), ein digitales Messsystem (T-Scan) und den aktuellen Goldstandard – die Okklusionsfolie (OF) – erhoben wurden, zu vergleichen. Material und Methoden: Die okklusalen Kontaktpunkte von 75 Teilnehmern wurden in maximaler Interkuspidation mithilfe der Okklusionsfolie analysiert. Die Auswertung der Kontaktpunkte, die mit dem Intraoralscanner erhoben wurden, erfolgte über einen Screenshot der CAD-Software von Zirkonzahn. Anschließend wurden die Teilnehmer gebeten, auf die Sensorfolie des T-Scan-Systems zu beißen. Zur Evaluierung der erhobenen Daten wurden die Kontakte der OF, des T-Scan und des IOS in je drei Stärken eingeteilt: leicht, mittel und stark. Des Weiteren wurde die Kontaktposition für den Frontzahn-, Prämolaren-, und Molarenbereich analysiert. Parametrische statistische Tests wurden angewendet, um die drei Methoden zu vergleichen. Ergebnisse: Die durchschnittliche Anzahl aller ermittelten Kontakte war ähnlich. Es konnten 29 ± 8 mit der OF ermittelt werden. Mit dem IOS konnten 30 ± 12 Kontaktpunkte ermittelt werden. Mithilfe des T-Scan wurden 24 ± 10 Kontakte ermittelt. Bei der Kontaktstärke hingegen konnten Unterschiede gezeigt werden. An leichten Kontakten wurden durchschnittlich 8 ± 4 mit der OF, 17 ± 8 mit dem IOS und 17 ± 6 mit dem T-Scan ermittelt. Von den mittleren Kontakten wurden 12 ± 5 mit der OF, 8 ± 4 mit dem IOS und 5 ± 4 mit dem T-Scan ermittelt. An starken Kontakten waren 9 ± 5 mit der OF, 6 ± 6 mit dem IOS und 4 ± 2 mit dem T-Scan zu ermitteln. Die Position der okklusalen Kontaktpunkte zeigte ebenfalls Abweichungen. Schlussfolgerung: Die Datensätze zeigten, dass es zu Unterschieden in der Verteilung der Okklusionskontakte unter Anwendung der OF, des IOS und des T-Scan kommt. Obwohl die Anzahl der erkannten Kontaktpunkte ähnlich war, wurden verschiedene Okklusionsprotokolle durch die drei Methoden ermittelt. Schlagwörter: okklusale Kontakte, Intraoralscanner, T-Scan, Okklusionsfolie, Kontaktstärke

Ziel: Unsere Studie hatte das Ziel, neben den Distanzen auch die räumlichen Beziehungen zwischen der zentrischen Kondylenposition und der maximalen Interkuspidation im Kiefergelenkbereich zu ermitteln und Konsequenzen für die zahnärztliche Praxis aufzuzeigen. Material und Methoden: Die Untersuchungen erfolgten durch vier approbierte Kollegen an 81 Probanden, deren zentrische Kondylenpositionen mit sechs verschiedenen Arten von Checkbiss-Registraten festgelegt wurden. Die Oberkiefermodelle wurden nach individueller schädelbezogener Gesichtsbogenübertragung in Dentatus-Artikulatoren montiert, die Unterkiefermodelle mit einem Stützstiftregistrat exakt auf der Pfeilwinkelspitze zugeordnet. Die Messungen erfolgten mithilfe eines fünften Kollegen durch Umsetzen der Modelle in einen speziellen Messartikulator im Kondylarbereich. Aus je drei Registrierungen der zentrischen Kondylenposition mit jedem der sechs Registrate und je zweimaligem Zusammensetzen der Modelle in maximaler Interkuspidation bildeten wir Mittelwerte, auf deren Grundlage die Distanz- und die räumlichen Berechnungen erfolgten. Ergebnisse: Die mittlere Entfernung der zentrischen Kondylenposition von der maximalen Interkuspidation betrug mit dem Mittelwert aller Registrate berechnet räumlich 0,86 ± 0,52 mm (Min: 0,05 mm; Max: 3,14 mm). Die entsprechende mittlere rein sagittale Distanz betrug 0,47 mm. Die Positionen der Kondylen in zentrischer Kondylenposition lagen im Mittel geringfügig dorsal und kranial der maximalen Interkuspidation, jedoch mit erheblichen Abweichungen in alle Raumrichtungen. Schlussfolgerungen: Die maximale Interkuspidation führt die Kondylen aus der zentrischen Kondylenposition heraus in eine Lage, die räumlich um 0,8–0,9 mm und rein sagittal ca. 0,5 mm von der zentrischen Kondylenposition entfernt und im Mittel etwas anterior sowie kaudal liegt. Die räumliche Lage der Kondylen in maximaler Interkuspidation weist große Variationen in Bezug zu ihren zentrischen Positionen auf. Das kann erhebliche praktische Auswirkungen auf die zahnärztliche Tätigkeit beispielsweise bei 
Präparationen endständiger Molaren oder bei der Interpretation von Ergebnissen aus Kondylenpositions-Messinstrumenten haben. Schlagwörter: Statische Okklusion, maximale Interkuspidation, zentrische Kondylenposition, Reproduzierbarkeit, Kondylenpositionsmessinstrument, Kiefergelenk-Kompression, Kiefergelenk-Distraktion, freedom-in-centric

The injectable composite resin technique is a minimally invasive and purely additive procedure that uses a transparent silicone index and flowable composite resin to translate the restorative plan from the wax-up to the final restoration. Its minimally invasive nature means that it can preserve tooth structure as it may not require hard tissue reduction. It is also an indirect/direct molding technique that allows the clinician to perform a direct restoration based on a proper analysis and planning. This case report describes a simple case of reshaping the maxillary lateral incisor and maxillary first premolar of a 25-year-old female patient to close the buccal corridor and restore smile symmetry. Digital planning was used to make a biocopy of the contralateral incisor to mimic the restoration. A printed model was prepared based on the design of the digital wax-up, followed by an analog protocol. Shade selection was challenging due to the high translucency of the incisal edges. This article is a step-by-step description of the injectable composite resin technique. It also compares this technique with other treatment options such as ceramic veneers, prefabricated composite veneers, different molding techniques, and freehand bonding. The significant advantages of the injectable composite resin technique include its predictability, repeatability, simplicity, minimal invasiveness, and financial affordability for patients. Recent studies demonstrate significant improvements in physical, mechanical, and optical properties of specific flowable composite resins, which reinforces the justification for implementing them in different restorative procedures.

Ziel: Ziel war es, den Einfluss von lokalisiertem bzw. ausgebreitetem Schmerz auf die Kopfschmerzhäufigkeit und -intensität nach Behandlung mit Aufbissbehelfen bei CMD-Patienten zu untersuchen. Material und Methode: Diese multizentrische Studie schloss 65 Patienten mit der CMD-Diagnose myofaszialer Schmerz gemäß den Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) ein. Zu Beginn der Untersuchung (Baseline) wurden Schmerzzeichnungen erstellt. Alle Patienten erhielten eine Behandlung mit Aufbissbehelfen. Die Therapieresultate wurden nach 6 und 10 Wochen sowie 6 und 12 Monaten kontrolliert und für zwei Schmerzprofile – lokalisierter Schmerz (Gesicht und Kopf, n = 26) und ausgebreiteter Schmerz (auch außerhalb von Kopf und Gesicht liegende Schmerzstellen, n = 39) – analysiert (Chi-Quadrat-Test, Mann-Whitney-U-Test, Wilcoxon-Vorzeichen-Rang-Test). Ergebnisse: Bei Studienbeginn bestanden bezüglich der Kopfschmerzhäufigkeit keine Unterschiede zwischen den Schmerzprofil-Gruppen. Die Kopfschmerzhäufigkeit nahm über den Beobachtungszeitraum in beiden Gruppen signifikant ab (lokalisierter Schmerz: p = 0,008, ausgebreiteter Schmerz: p < 0,001), ohne signifikante Unterschiede zwischen beiden Gruppen. Die Intensität des Kopfschmerzes war bei Studienbeginn zwischen beiden Gruppen signifikant verschieden (p = 0,002). Während der Nachbeobachtung war in beiden Gruppen eine signifikante Abnahme der Kopfschmerzintensität (lokalisierter Schmerz: p = 0,007, ausgebreiteter Schmerz: p < 0,001) zu beobachten, die nach 6 Wochen und 12 Monaten keine Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen aufwies. Bei der Untersuchung nach 6 Wochen wurde bei 52 % aller Patienten eine Reduktion der Kopfschmerzintensität um 30 % beobachtet, während sich nach 12 Monaten bei 54 % der Patienten eine Reduktion um 30 % fand. Schlussfolgerung: Diese Studie zeigt, dass die Behandlung mit Aufbissbehelfen unabhängig davon, ob lokalisierter oder ausgebreiteter myofaszialer CMD-Schmerz vorliegt, eine vergleichbare positive Wirkung auf die Kopfschmerzhäufigkeit und -intensität hat. Schlagwörter: CMD, Kopfschmerz, lokalisierter Schmerz, ausgebreiteter Schmerz, Aufbissbehelfe

Objectives: The aim of this retrospective case series was to report the performance up to 5 years of an innovative surgical design (the apically incised coronally advanced surgical technique [AICAST]) for the regenerative treatment of one- or two-walled intrabony periodontal lesions. Method and materials: After completion of standard step I to II periodontal therapy, nine isolated periodontal defects were treated through AICAST. The following clinical outcome measurements were collected before the surgical intervention and at the last available follow-up: probing pocket depth (PPD), recession depth (REC), and clinical attachment level (CAL). Periapical radiographs of the treated teeth were also taken at baseline and at the last available follow-up (18 months or 5 years postoperatively). Results: A mean (± standard deviation) PPD reduction of 6.05 ± 1.76 mm (P < .01), REC reduction of 1.15 ± 1.97 mm (P = .119), and CAL gain of 7.20 ± 2.13 mm (P < .01) were attained when comparing preoperative results with the last follow-up visit. CAL gain of 6 mm or more was reached in eight out of nine treated cases (88.9%), with a residual PPD of 2 to 3 mm in all the cases. Complete radiographic fill of the intrabony component was present in all the defects, while detectable suprabony radiographic filling was identified in two cases. Conclusion: AICAST represents an innovative surgical design for the treatment of deep intrabony defects and the eventual reduction of the associated gingival recessions. Preliminary results show good performance in terms of clinical attachment gains and maintenance of the marginal tissues. Schlagwörter: coronally advanced flap, enamel matrix derivatives (EMD), papilla preservation flap, periodontal regeneration, periodontitis