The Journal of Adhesive Dentistry

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) with silicon hydride (SiH₄) at different times on HT-zirconia surface characteristics and bonding of composite cement before and after thermocycling. Materials and Methods: Blocks of HT zirconia were obtained, polished, sintered and divided into five groups, according to PECVD time (n = 31): Zr-30 (30 s), Zr-60 (60 s), Zr-120 (120 s) and Zr-300 (300 s). The control group (Zr-0) did not receive PECVD. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) in conjunction with field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), goniometry, and profilometry tests were used for chemical and topographic characterization. Monobond N silane (Ivoclar Vivadent) was applied to the surface, and a cylinder of composite cement (Variolink N) was made (3 x 3 mm). Half of the specimens of each group were stored for 24 h or subjected to thermocycling (6 x 10³ cycles). A shear bond strength (SBS) test was performed. Results were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s tests (α = 0.05). Results: For experimental groups, XPS showed that formation of Si-O bonds contributed to increased surface free energy (SFE). FE-SEM and EDS showed that the longer the deposition time, the greater the amount of silicon on the surface. Zr-60 and Zr-300 presented higher and lower surface roughnesses, respectively. The silicon penetrated the microstructure, causing higher stress concentrations. The bond strength to composite cement was improved after all PECVD deposition times. Conclusion: The PECVD technique with SiH₄, associated with chemical treatment with primer based on silane methacrylate, is a solely chemical surface treatment capable of maintaining bonding between composite cement and HT zirconia. Keywords: dental ceramics, zirconia, silicon, aging, bond strength

Purpose: This study compared a 2%-CHX dentin pre-treatment with three CHX adhesives (experimentally admixed 0.1% CHX in primer or bonding agent, or industrially added 0.2% CHX in universal adhesive) by evaluating dentin bond strengths after biological loading in a fully automated artificial mouth model. Materials and Methods: The occlusal dentin of 50 freshly extracted human third molars was exposed, and the teeth were randomly assigned to 5 groups according to the adhesive protocol (n = 10): 1. control, Scotchbond Multipurpose (3M Oral Care; CTRL); 2. 2% CHX dentin pre-treatment (DENT); 3. 0.1% CHX experimentally admixed into the primer (PRIM); 4. 0.1% CHX experimentally admixed into the bonding agent (BOND); 5. Peak Universal Bond containing 0.2% CHX (Ultradent; PEAK). The teeth were restored with composite resin. Microtensile bond strength testing (bonding area 0.46 mm2 ± 0.04 mm², crosshead speed 1 mm/min) was performed after 24-h storage in distilled water (baseline) or after 2-day biological loading with S. mutans (demineralization 1 h / remineralization 5 h). The mode of fracture was recorded and exemplary sticks were evaluated under SEM. Results: CTRL exhibited significantly higher μTBS at baseline in comparison to PRIM (p = 0.000), BOND (p = 0.002), and PEAK (p = 0.000). After undergoing the caries model, CTRL demonstrated significantly lower μTBS compared to DENT (p = 0.000), PRIM (p = 0.008), and PEAK (p = 0.000). The same behavior was observed for BOND vs DENT (p = 0.000), PRIM (p = 0.003), and PEAK (p = 0.001). After biological loading, DENT (p = 0.041), PRIM (p = 0.000), and BOND (p = 0.000) exhibited significantly fewer adhesive fractures than CTRL. Conclusions: CHX addition to the primer protects dentin bond strength from declining after biological loading. Thus, it may offer some clinical advantage in terms of secondary caries inhibition around composite restorations. However, since loss of adhesion at baseline was less when 2% CHX was used as a dentin pre-treatment, it can be suggested as a safer option. so that bonding is not undermined by potential chemical interactions from CHX with the adhesives. Keywords: biofilm, biological loading, bond durability, cariology, chlorhexidine gluconate, dentin bonding, microtensile bond strength

Purpose: To investigate the bond durability of composite cement to zirconia after treatment with a 15-methacryloyloxypentadecyl dihydrogen phosphate (15-MPDP)-containing adhesive and 2 commercially available adhesives. Materials and Methods: Ninety zirconia bars were fabricated and bonded to prepolymerized resin composite cylinders with a composite cement after surface treatment for 20 s using the following adhesives: Adper Easy One (AEO, negative control), Single Bond Universal (SBU, positive control), and 10 wt% 15-MPDP powder mixed with Adper Easy One (15- MPDP). After storage in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h, the specimens were divided into 3 subgroups according to the aging treatment applied (n = 10): no aging treatment (0/TC), 10,000 thermocycles (1/TC), and 37,500 thermocycles (3/TC). Shear bond strength (SBS) was analyzed using two-way ANOVA (p < 0.05), and the fracture surfaces were examined under a dental microscope. Results: Significant differences in the SBSs among the surface treatments and aging treatments were observed (both p < 0.001). The 15-MPDP and SBU groups showed significantly higher SBSs than the AEO group, whereas similar SBSs were found in the 15-MPDP and SBU groups. Significant reductions in the SBSs were found after 37,500 thermocycles (p < 0.001), although no significant difference between specimens aged with 10,000 thermocycles and non-aged specimens was observed. Conclusions: The 15-MPDP-containing dental adhesive exhibited bond durability comparable to that of a well-established 10-MDP-containing universal adhesive. Aging by 10,000 thermocycles may be insufficient to disrupt the bond of composite cement to zirconia. Keywords: zirconia bonding, thermocycling, 10-MDP, 15-MPDP, shear bond strength

Purpose: This retrospective case series of 9 patients aimed to describe clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction following the implementation of the posterior Dahl concept to manage localized posterior tooth wear. Materials and Methods: Localized occlusal space was created in the posterior dentition. Supra-occluding direct restorations were placed bilaterally for the restoration of molars. Intraoral scans were taken at the pre-treatment stage, immediately post-restoration, and during follow-up appointments. Scans were used to undertake analysis of any occlusal changes and re-establishment of the occlusion. A questionnaire was used to assess patient satisfaction, alleviation of any pre-treatment concerns, and evaluation of post-treatment complaints. Results: Immediately post-treatment, all patients showed an increase in the vertical dimension. Opening of the bite in the untreated areas following restoration of worn posterior molars resulted either in a tendency towards or the actual reestablishment of the occlusion. One patient completely lacked compensatory vertical tooth movement in the untreated areas, culminating in the persistence of a vertical open bite. One restoration displayed cohesive fracture after 4 months. Pre-treatment problems (eg, sensitivity) were fully resolved amongst all patients after 6 months. Post-treatment complaints were minor and demonstrated resolution within a relatively short period of time. Eight patients reported being “very satisfied” with their treatment outcomes. Conclusion: Application of the posterior Dahl concept appears to offer a promising, relatively simple, minimally invasive and effective approach for the management of localized posterior tooth wear, which is well accepted by patients. Keywords: restorative dentistry, direct resin composite restorations, Dahl concept, vertical dimension of occlusion, bite raising, tooth wear

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of carbodiimide (EDC) and chitosan (CHI) on the enzymatic activity (EA) and bond strength (BS) of different composite cements to root dentin. Materials and Methods: Ninety (90) maxillary canines were sectioned, standardizing the length of the roots. The roots were endodontically treated, prepared, divided into 3 groups according to dentin treatment (distilled water [DW], CHI 0.2 wt%, or EDC 0.5M), and further subdivided into 3 subgroups according to composite cement (RelyX ARC [3M Oral Care], Panavia F 2.0 [Kuraray Noritaki], or RelyX U200 [3M Oral Care]). Of the slices obtained by sectioning, the most cervical of each third were subjected to a push-out test and the most apical were subjected to in-situ zymography. Half of the slices were analyzed immediately, and the other half after 6 months. The results were analyzed with ANOVA or the chi-squared test. Results: RelyX ARC showed higher BS associated with CHI, while RelyX U200 showed higher BS associated with EDC (p = 0.044). For Panavia F 2.0, the treatment did not influence BS (p > 0.05). For the cervical and middle thirds, no differences were observed between the cements, while the apical third revealed higher BS for RelyX U200 (p < 0.001). The highest percentage of adhesive-to-dentin failures was observed for Panavia F 2.0. EDC showed the lowest percentage of adhesive-to-dentin failures. According to zymographic analysis, DW and CHI showed greater fluorescence for RelyX ARC, while EDC exhibited the lowest fluorescence of all cements (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The different mechanisms of action of solutions for pre-treatment of intraradicular dentin yielded different results depending on the adhesive used. EDC resulted in higher bond strength and higher enzyme inhibition for RelyX U200, while the treatment with chitosan resulted in higher bond strength and lower enzymatic activity for RelyX ARC. Although EDC and chitosan treatments did not influence the bond strength for Panavia F 2.0, both resulted in higher enzyme inhibition for this composite cement. Keywords: carbodiimide, chitosan, push-out, in-situ zymography, matrix metalloproteinases

Purpose: To provide an overview of the in-vitro bond strength of universal adhesives to zirconia and analyze whether these adhesives are a reliable alternative to conventional zirconia primers. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science databases up to August 2021. Investigations published in English, assessing resin-mediated bond to zirconia using universal adhesives compared to phosphate/silane-based primer or phosphate-based primer were included. After study selection and data extraction, risk of bias analysis was performed. Statistical analyses were performed using RevMan 5.4, with a random effects model, at a significance level of 0.05. Results: In total, 23 studies were included for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Universal adhesives showed higher bond strengths than did phosphate-based primers (p < 0.00001) to aged zirconia without airborne alumina-particle abrasion. Similar results were observed when the zirconia surface was airborne-particle abraded at baseline and after dynamic aging (p < 0.0001). When universal adhesives and phosphate-silane based primers were compared, similar bond strengths (p ≥ 0.001) were observed after surface abrasion, regardless of storage condition. Conclusion: The results showed that universal adhesives generate higher bond strengths when compared to conventional zirconia primers. Keywords: adhesives, all ceramics, bond strength, prosthodontic ceramics

Purpose: This study investigated the effect of different surface treatments and the effect of silane heat treatment with laser on the shear bond strength (SBS) of a nanoceramic composite to repaired hybrid CAD/CAM blocks. Materials and Methods: 60 hybrid CAD/CAM specimens (Cerasmart, GC) were prepared and randomly divided into six groups according to the different surface treatments (n = 10): group ER: Er:YAG laser+silane (Monobond Plus, Ivoclar Vivadent); group ER+SHT: Er:YAG laser+silane heat treatment; group B: bur+silane; group B+SHT: bur+silane heat treatment; group HF: hydrofluoric acid+silane; group HF+SHT: hydrofluoric acid+silane heat treatment. Afterwards, a universal adhesive (Universal Bond Quick, Kuraray) was applied, and nanoceramic resin composite (Zenit, President) cylinders were bonded to the Cerasmart specimens. They were thermocycled for 10,000 cycles (5–55°C) and subjected to SBS testing using a universal testing machine. Failure modes were examined with a stereomicroscope (15X). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the surface topography (n = 2). The data were statistically analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-test and the Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.05). Results: Regarding the surface treatments, group ER showed significantly lower SBS than groups B and HF (p < 0.05). Regarding the presence of silane heat treatment by laser, groups ER+SHT and B+SHT showed significantly lower SBS than group HF+SHT(p < 0.05). In addition, group B+SHT showed significantly lower SBS than did group B (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Er:YAG laser treatment for repairing hybrid CAD/CAM blocks was not as effective as bur roughening or hydrofluoric acid etching. Silane heated by Er:YAG laser was incapable of significantly increasing the bond strength to repaired hybrid CAD/CAM blocks. Keywords: shear bond strength, CAD/CAM, silane heat treatment, Er:YAG laser

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of etching mode (self-etch and etch-and-rinse) on acid-base resistant zone (ABRZ) formation at the resin cement/enamel interface and enamel etching pattern, as well as the effects of thermocycling (0, 5000, and 10,000 cycles) on the enamel microshear bond strength (μSBS) mediated by dual-cure resin cements (DCRC). Materials and Methods: Two DCRC were used in 4 groups: Panavia V5 in self-etch (V5NE) and etch-and-rinse mode (V5E); and Estecem II in self-etch (ENE) and etch-and-rinse mode (EE). For ABRZ observation, the bonded interface was subjected to a demineralizing solution. The morphological attributes of the interface and etching patterns were observed using FE-SEM. For μ-SBS, cylinders with a 0.79-mm internal diameter and 0.5-mm height were made with DCRC and tested in shear after 0, 5000, and 10,000 thermal cycles (TC) (5°C and 55°C) (n = 10). Results: The formation of an enamel ABRZ was observed in all groups with different morphological features between self-etch and etch-and-rinse groups. A funnel-shaped erosion beneath the interface was present using V5NE and ENE modes where enamel was dissolved, while ABRZ formation was confirmed and no funnel-shaped erosion was noticed using V5E and EE. No significant differences in μSBS were observed between resin cements. However, significantly lower µSBSs were recorded when the self-etching mode was used. Thermocycling resulted in a significant reduction in µSBS for all groups. Conclusion: Selective enamel etching should be recommended to improve the interfacial quality when dual-cure resin luting cements are used. Keywords: dental bonding, dental cements, resin cements

Purpose: To evaluate the bonding receptiveness of zirconia treated with nano-silica surface infiltration and the bond strength of composite cement after aging. Materials and Methods: Zirconia ceramic green bodies (Ceramill zolid, Amann Girbach) with dimensions of 10 x 10 x 4 mm were divided into three groups (n = 4): group C (control: no treatment after sintering), group S (sandblasted: 50-μm alumina airborne particle abrasion after sintering) and group N (nanosintered: infiltrated with nano-silica colloid, sintered, and then etched with hydrofluoric acid). Phase transformations were examined through X-ray diffraction (XRD). Composite resin (Filtek Z250, 3M Oral Care) was bonded to zirconia using the 10-MDP-containing composite cement Panavia F (Kuraray Noritake). The composite-cement/zirconia bond strength was immediately measured using the microtensile bond strength test (µTBS) as well as after three months of artificial aging in water (n = 20 microstick specimens/group). Failure mode patterns were examined using SEM. Results: The specimens of groups C and S, as tested by XRD, exhibited almost full tetragonal phases, while a small extent of tetragonal-monoclinic phase transformation (t→m) was observed for group N. Group N achieved the highest bond strengths (41.5 ± 8.6 MPa), which was significantly higher than that measured for groups C and S (p < 0.05). There was a significant drop in µTBS after 90 days of water storage for groups C and S. SEM revealed a decrease in the percentage of cohesive failure in groups N and S after water storage. Conclusions: Infiltrating zirconia with nano-silica is a reliable method to establish a strong and stable bond to zirconia. The combination of surface infiltration with nano-silica and application of a phosphate monomer-containing composite cement can significantly improve the composite-cement/zirconia bond strength. Keywords: zirconia, bond strength, nano-silica, adhesion