EditorialDOI: 10.3290/j.ijcd.b4702447, PubMed ID (PMID): 38014639Pages 279-280, Language: English, GermanBeuer, Florian
ScienceDOI: 10.3290/j.ijcd.b3840521, PubMed ID (PMID): 36705319Pages 285-299, Language: English, GermanTop, Ahmet Esad / Özdoğan, M. Sertaç / Yeniad, Mustafa
Aim: Although many studies in various fields employ deep learning models, only a few such studies exist in dental imaging. The present article aims to evaluate the effectiveness of convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithms for the detection and diagnosis of the quantitative level of dental restorations using panoramic radiographs by preparing a novel dataset.
Materials and methods: 20,973 panoramic radiographs were used, all labeled into five distinct categories by three dental experts. AlexNet, VGG-16, and variants of ResNet models were trained with the dataset and evaluated for the classification task. Additionally, 10-fold cross-validation (ie, 9 folds were separated for training and 1 fold for validation) and data augmentation were carried out for all experiments.
Results: The most successful result was shown by ResNet-101, with an accuracy of 92.7%. Its macro-average AUC was also the highest, at 0.989. Other accuracy results obtained for the dataset were 75.5% for AlexNet, 85.0% for VGG-16, 92.1% for ResNet-18, 91.7% for ResNet-50, and 92.1% for InceptionResNet-v2.
Conclusions: An accuracy of 92.7% is a very promising result for a computer-aided diagnostic system. This result proved that the system could assist dentists in providing supportive preliminary information from the moment a patient’s first panoramic radiograph is taken. Furthermore, as the introduced dataset is powerful enough, it can be relabeled for different problems and used in different studies.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, computer-aided diagnosis, convolutional neural networks, deep learning, dental restoration, panoramic radiograph
ScienceDOI: 10.3290/j.ijcd.b3840535, PubMed ID (PMID): 36705317Pages 301-309, Language: English, GermanAdnan, Niha / Khalid, Waleed Bin / Umer, Fahad
Aim: To develop a deep learning (DL) artificial intelligence (AI) model for instance segmentation and tooth numbering on orthopantomograms (OPGs).
Materials and methods: Forty OPGs were manually annotated to lay down the ground truth for training two convolutional neural networks (CNNs): U-net and Faster RCNN. These algorithms were concurrently trained and validated on a dataset of 1280 teeth (40 OPGs) each. The U-net algorithm was trained on OPGs specifically annotated with polygons to label all 32 teeth via instance segmentation, allowing each tooth to be denoted as a separate entity from the surrounding structures. Simultaneously, teeth were also numbered according to the Fédération Dentaire Internationale (FDI) numbering system, using bounding boxes to train Faster RCNN. Consequently, both trained CNNs were combined to develop an AI model capable of segmenting and numbering all teeth on an OPG.
Results: The performance of the U-net algorithm was determined using various performance metrics including precision = 88.8%, accuracy = 88.2%, recall = 87.3%, F-1 score = 88%, dice index = 92.3%, and Intersection over Union (IoU) = 86.3%. The performance metrics of the Faster RCNN algorithm were determined using overlap accuracy = 30.2 bounding boxes (out of a possible of 32 boxes) and classifier accuracy of labels = 93.8%.
Conclusions: The instance segmentation and tooth numbering results of our trained AI model were close to the ground truth, indicating a promising future for their incorporation into clinical dental practice. The ability of an AI model to automatically identify teeth on OPGs will aid dentists with diagnosis and treatment planning, thus increasing efficiency.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, deep learning, dentistry, neural networks, convolutional neural network, intraoral radiography
ScienceDOI: 10.3290/j.ijcd.b3840393, PubMed ID (PMID): 36749284Pages 311-317, Language: English, GermanPark, Jun Hyub / Lee, Du-Hyeong
Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of automated detection of preparation finish lines in teeth with defective margins.
Materials and methods: An extracted first molar was prepared for a full veneer crown, and marginal defects were created and scanned (discontinuity of finish line: 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mm; additional line angle: connected, partially connected, and disconnected). Six virtual defect models were entered into CAD software and the preparation finish line was designated by 20 clinicians (CAD-experienced group: n = 10; CAD-inexperienced group: n = 10) using the automated finish line detection method. The accuracy of automatic detection was evaluated by calculating the 3D deviation of the registered finish line. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for between-group comparisons (α = 0.05).
Results: The deviation values of the registered finish lines were significantly different according to conditions with different amounts of finish line discontinuity (P < 0.001). There was no statistical difference in the deviation of the registered finish line between models with additional line angles around the margin. Moreover, no statistical difference was found in the results between CAD-experienced and CAD-inexperienced operators.
Conclusions: The accuracy of automated finish line detection for tooth preparation can differ when the finish line is discontinuous. The presence of an additional line angle around the preparation margin and prior experience in dental CAD software do not affect the accuracy of automated finish line detection.
Keywords: tooth preparation, marginal defect, computer-aided design, finish line, automated detection, computer algorithm
ScienceDOI: 10.3290/j.ijcd.b3839037, PubMed ID (PMID): 36749283Pages 319-330, Language: English, GermanXu, Shu-Xi / Tong, Xue-Lu / Tan, Fa-Bing / Yu, Na / Ma, Chao-Yi
Ziel: Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, die Auswirkungen des Zementspalts und des Fräser-Offsets auf die marginalen und internen Passungsdiskrepanzen von digital konstruierten Kronen für unterschiedliche Präparationsformen zu untersuchen.
Material und Methode: Auf 5 digital konstruierten Präparationsdesigns (Hohlkehle, 135°-Abschrägung, Federrand, 90°-Schulter mit Lippe, Hohlkehle mit scharfen okklusalen Kanten) wurden Kronen mit unterschiedlichen Zementspaltbreiten und Fräser-Offsets digital modelliert. Anschließend wurden die Kronen mit den korrespondierenden Präparationen best-fit-überlagert und die Passungsdiskrepanzen als quadratische Mittelwerte (QMW) sowie als farbskalierte Darstellungen aufbereitet. Die statistische Auswertung der QMW aller Gruppen erfolgte mit dem Scheirer-Ray-Hare-Test (α = 0,05).
Ergebnisse: Die Farbzonen im Bereich der scharfen Kanten der Scharfe-Kanten-Gruppe veränderten sich zwischen der Situation vor und nach dem Setzen des Offsets deutlich. Der Zementspalt hatte signifikanten Einfluss auf die Rand-, Innen- und Gesamt-Passungsdiskrepanzen der fünf Präparationsgruppen (p < 0,001), während der Offset sich signifikant auf die Randpassung der Schulter-mit-Lippe-Gruppe und die Innen- und Gesamtpassung der Scharfe-Kanten-Gruppe auswirkte (p < 0,001). Außerdem erwies sich die Interaktion zwischen Zementspalt und Offset für die Randpassung der Schulter-mit-Lippe-Gruppe sowie die Innen- und Gesamtpassung der Scharfe-Kanten-Gruppe als signifikant (p < 0,01).
Schlussfolgerung: Der Zementspalt und der Fräser-Offset hatten einen signifikant nachteiligen Einfluss auf die Rand- und Innenpassung von Kronen für die Präparationsdesigns Schulter mit Lippe und scharfe Kanten. Präparationen mit abrupten Radiusänderungen, wie Schulterpräparationen mit Lippe oder scharfe okklusale Kanten sollten daher in der Praxis vermieden werden.
Keywords: CAD, Offset, Zementspalt, Präparationsdesign, Krone, Passung
ScienceDOI: 10.3290/j.ijcd.b3839017, PubMed ID (PMID): 36749282Pages 331-337, Language: English, GermanLi, Rong / Zhang, Rui / Zhou, Yongsheng / Peng, Juanhong
Aim: The aim of the present in vitro study was to assess and compare the accuracy of two best-fit alignment strategies with different reference areas for wear measurement with an intraoral scanner (IOS).
Materials and methods: Eight anatomic contour zirconia crowns were fabricated and scanned twice with an IOS. One of the scan datasets (Data Trueness) was duplicated and wear facets were simulated (Data Wear). The other scan dataset (Data Baseline) was aligned to Data Wear by two best-fit alignment strategies with different reference areas (the occlusal surface with no signs of wear [Group Occlusal], and the axial surface [Group Axial]), and 3D deviation analysis was performed to detect wear loss. The 3D deviation between Data Trueness and Data Wear was calculated as the truth-value for accuracy evaluation (Group Trueness).
Results: The color-difference map showed Group Occlusal had a similar wear-facet distribution to Group Trueness while Group Axial showed an obvious tilting position, and the obtained height loss values were larger and with large standard deviations. Both Group Occlusal and Group Axial showed significant differences compared with Group Trueness in maximum height loss and mean height loss (P < 0.05) while showed no significant difference in mean distance (P > 0.05). The paired t test showed significant differences between Group Occlusal and Group Axial in maximum height loss and mean height loss (P < 0.05) while showed no significant difference in mean distance (P > 0.05).
Conclusions: Best-fit alignment with the occlusal reference area produced a better alignment result than that with the axial reference area. Measuring wear with an IOS has potential, but the method is prone to overestimating the height loss.
Keywords: wear measurement, intraoral scanner, best-fit alignment, accuracy, digital, in vitro
ApplicationDOI: 10.3290/j.ijcd.b4653531, PubMed ID (PMID): 38014640Pages 339-346, Language: English, GermanCamps-Font, Octavi / Vilarrasa, Javi
Ziel: Der Beitrag stellt eine minimalinvasive Technik für die Freilegung palatinal verlagerter retinierter Eckzähne unter Verwendung einer Operationsschablone vor.
Material und Methode: Die Operationsschablonen für die Eckzahn-Freilegung werden CAD/CAM-gefertigt: Mithilfe einer geeigneten Software lassen sich die STL-Daten des gescannten Kiefers mit den DICOM-Daten der Oberkiefer- DVT überlagern. Auf diesem virtuellen 3-D-Modell kann der Operateur die exakte Position des retinierten Eckzahns bestimmen. Aus dieser wiederum ergibt sich die ideale Lage des Zugangs. Die Operationsschablone mit dem entsprechenden Fenster wird in einer Software konstruiert und auf einem 3-D-Drucker ausgedruckt.
Ergebnisse: Palatinal verlagerte Eckzähne lassen sich mithilfe von Operationsschablonen erfolgreich freilegen. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Computer-assistierte chirurgische Freilegung palatinal retinierter Eckzähne geht mit einer geringeren Operationsdauer und reduzierten Invasivität einher und vermindert die postoperativen Beschwerden der Patienten. Um die Vorteile dieser minimalinvasiven Operationstechnik umfassender bewerten zu können, sind kontrollierte klinische Studien erforderlich.
Keywords: Eckzahnimpaktion, retinierter Eckzahn, Eckzahnfreilegung, CAD/CAM, Oralchirurgie, Kieferorthopädie, Operationsschablone
ApplicationDOI: 10.3290/j.ijcd.b3960939, PubMed ID (PMID): 36928755Pages 347-363, Language: English, GermanGoob, Janosch / Prandtner, Otto / Schweiger, Josef / Güth, Jan-Frederik / Edelhoff, Daniel
Pronounced defects of the dental hard tissue can be caused by different etiologic factors. Most frequently, they are associated with changes in the vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO), which may also influence the condylar positions. These defects can lead to irreversible loss of tooth structure and have dramatic functional and esthetic consequences, often requiring complex rehabilitation. In this situation, CAD/CAM-fabricated occlusal splints made of tooth-colored polycarbonate are a proven and safe pretreatment approach in terms of esthetics and function. Rebuilding lost dental hard tissue to restore the occlusion and VDO to an adequate condylar position is a prerequisite for any sustainable and functional rehabilitation. In the future, digital systems will support this complex process, customizing it and making it simpler and more precise. The DMD-System (Ignident) provides patient-specific jaw movement data to optimize the CAD/CAM workflow. This system allows real movement patterns to be digitized and analyzed for functional and potential therapeutic purposes, integrating them into the dental and laboratory workflow. In the present case, the familiar tooth-colored CAD/CAM-fabricated occlusal splint is supplemented by digital centric jaw relation recording and individual movement data.
Keywords: vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO), instrumental functional analysis, maximum intercuspation (MI), maximal intercuspal position (MIP), centric condylar position (CCP), centric relation (CR), tooth-colored occlusal splint, digital workflow
PubMed ID (PMID): 38014641Pages 365-368, Language: GermanKordaß, Bernd / Schlenz, Maximiliane
Online OnlyPubMed ID (PMID): 38014638Pages 1-4, Language: EnglishKordaß, Bernd / Schlenz, Maximiliane